SD 144 
.L8 04 
1907 
Copy 1 







.V 



5?. 



NOV 30 1907 
D. of D. 



LOUISIANA STATE COMMISSION 

^ OF .^ 

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION 

'^ ST. LOUIS, MO. :.; ■ 



» 



Governor WILLIAM WRIGHT HEARD, President. 
Major JORDAN GRAY LEE, Baton Rouge, La. 

Col. CHA'RLES SCHULER, - - - Keachle, La. 

Gen.). B. LEVERT, - - Ne-w Orleans, La. 
/ Hon. HEmiY L. GUEY-'DAN, Gueydan, La. 

Dr. WILLIAM CARTER STUBBS, ROBERT GLENK, 

stale Commissioner. cAssistant to State Commissioner. 



Don't fail to sec the Louisiana State Building, a replica of the Cabildo, in which the 
transfer of Louisiana took place in 1803. 

See also Louisiana's exhibit in the following buildings: Agriculture, Horticulture, 

Education, Forestry, Fish and Game, Mines and Minerals, Liberal Arts, 

Transportation and Anthropology. 



Fl 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA IS MAKING THE FOLLOWING DISPLAY 

AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, ST. LOUIS : 



1st. Louisiana State Building — An 
exact reproduction of the "Cabildo" of 
New Orleans in which the actual trans- 
fer of Louisiana from France to the 
United States on December 2nth, 1S03, 
took place. It is furnished throughout 
with furniture of the Empire tiad Colo- 
nial styles. .' > '• 

2nd. A grand display of ' agriculture 
in the Agricultural Palace, showing the 
products of the field and the machinery 
by which they are wrought into mer- 
chantable forms. A complete sugar house, 
a rice mill, an irrigation plant, cotton 
gins and presses, cotton seed oil mill, 
etc., are shown in perfect forms on a 
reduced scale. Forage and garden crops : 
tobacco (yellow leaf, cigar leaf and 
cigars, and the famous Perique in all of 
its forms) : fibre plants and products; 
-grains, grasses, clovers, alfalfa, etc., are 
shown in profusion. 

3rd. A fine display of fruits and 
plants in the Horticultural Building — 



■on the floor of the main building and in 
the conservatory. In this display will 
be found the best collection of the finest 
pecans grown. 

4th, In the Forestry Building will be 
fo\md all the trees of her forest, and the 
products manufactured from them. 

5th. In the Forestry Building, but on 
a different space, will also be found all 
of the birds, fishes and wild animals of 
the State. 

6th. In the Education Building will 
be found the school exhibits of the 
State, from the kindergarten to the uni- 
versities. 

7th. In the Mines and Minerals Build- 
ing, the "Devil in sulphur," a "Pyramid 
in sulphur." Lot's Wife in salt, crude 
and refined petroleums, marbles, coal, 
etc., fresh from the mines of Louisiana, 
are exhibited. 

8th. In the Liberal Arts Building will 
be found topographic maps of the levees 
of the State (35 ft. by 4 ft.). New Or- 



leans of 1803 (2 ft. by 2 ft.), and New 
Orleans of 1903 (15 ft. by 15 ft.). Two 
hundred maps of the Gulf Coast from 
1500 to the present time, some rare old 
books, and a '\vorking model of the great 
United States Dock in New Orleans. 

0th. In the Transportation Building 
are illustrations of transportation on the 
Mississippi River, past and present, be- 
ginning with the Indian canoe and end- 
ing with the monster ocean liner of to- 
day. 

10th. In the Anthropological Build- 
ing is a fine collection of Indian relics, 
including a number of baskets of rare 
and beautiful types. 

Descriptive pamphlets of each exhibit 
may be had on application. For fuller 
information of the State, apply at the 
Louisiana State Building for "Handbook 
of Louisiana." Louisiana has a fully 
equipped Department of Agriculture and 
Immigration, which will cheerfully sup- 
ply any information desired. 



Apply to MAJOR J. G. LEE, Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration, Baton Rouge, La. 

and your wants will be filled. 



Our Forests and the Timbers They Contain^ 



This pamphlet has been prepared to give information 
relative to our immense forests. Further information can 
be obtained by application to Prof. W. R. Dodson, in charge 
of Forestry exhibit from the State of Louisiana, in Forestry 
Building of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 



The Forests of Louisiana and What They Contain. 



Description of Pines. 



SPECIES. 



There are six species of pines growing native in Lou- 
isiana. Named in order of their abundance and import- 
ance, they are as follows: 

1st. Long-leaf Pine (Pinus palustris or P. Australis) 

2nd. Short-leaf Pine (Pinus echinata, or r. mitis). 

3rd. Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taeda). 

4th. Cuban Pine (Pinus heterophylla). 

5th. Pond Pine (Pinus serotina). 

6th. Jersey Pine (Pinus Virginiana). 

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 

The Long-leaf Pine has three leaves or needles in a 
bundle, each nine to ten inches or more in length, with 
a cone six to nine inches long, and three to five inches 
in diameter, covered with scales seven-eighths to one 
inch broad, with wrinkled tops. Color of cones light 
chestnut brown, turning grey with age. The buds are 
three-quarters of an inch long, and one-half of an inch 
in diameter, and are silver white in color. The bark is 
moderately thin, broken by longitudinal and cross fis- 
sures, scaling off in thin plates. It has thin sap and 
very resinous heart wood. 



The Short-leaf Pine has two to three needles in a 
bundle, one and three-eighths to four inches long, with 
cones one and one-half to two inches long, one and one- 
half to one and three-quarters of an inch in diameter. 
Scales five-sixteenths to three-eighths of an inch broad 
with light yellow brown tips. Buds three-eighths to 
one-half inch long and one-eighth inch diameter, and of 
brownish color. Fissures in the bark not so close to- 
gether as in long-leaf pine, and the scaly plates larger 
and thinner. The bark is somewhat thicker and lighter 
in color. 

The Loblolly Pine has three needles in a bundle, four 
to six inches in length; cones two and one-half to six 
inches long and one and three-quarters to three inches 
iu diameter. Scales three-eighths to three-fourths inch 
broad, with smooth tips, and of a dull yellow brown 
color. Buds one-half to three-quarters of an inch long 
and one-quarter of an inch in diameter and of brown- 
ish color. The bark on the larger trees is three-quarters 
to one inch in thickness, and nearer a cherry color than 
that of any of the other pines. The longitudinal fissures 
arp very deep. 

The Cuban Pine has two to three needles in a bundle,. 



seven to twelve inches long, cones four to six and a 
half inches long, three to four and three-quarters inches 
in diameter, with scales eleven-sixteenths to seven- 
eighths of an inch broad, and a deep russet sherry 
brown color. Buds one-half inch long, one-quarter inch 
in diameter, and of a brownish color. The bark is thick- 
er than the preceding species, and the fissures not so 
deep. 

Pond Pine has three-leaved clusters of slender leaves 
from six to eight inches long, giving it much the appear- 
ance of the long leaf pine. The cones are two to three 
inches long, conical in shape; the scales are armed 
with slender incurved prickles which drop off as the 
cones mature. The bark is very similar to that of the 
long-leaf pine, but the scales are thinner and larger. The 
wood is very resinous. 

Jersey Pine has only two leaves in a cluster, stout 
gray-green, from an inch and a half to three inches 
long. Cones oblong conical, from one to three inches 
long, scales armed with slender prickles. Bark is thick, 
quite dark in color, broken into smaller segments by 
longitudinal and cross fissures than are any of the pre- 
ceding. 

QUALITY, COMMON NAMES, ETC. 

In regard to the common names of these pines, great 
■confusion exists, not only among the denizens of the 
forests, but even in the lumber market. Among the 



saw-mill men, engineers, architects and carpenters. 
Long-leaf and Cuban pines are never distinguished. 
Short-leaf and Loblolly pines are mixed indiscriminately. 
In building, "Southern Pine" or "Yellow Southern Pine" 
frequently satisfies the specifications of the architect 
and may come from any of the four species. 

Technically, the wood of the four pines differ as fol- 
lows: That of the Long-leaf and Cuban are about equal 
in strength, the former excelling by its finer grain and 
smaller amount of sap wood. As a rule, the same com- 
parison may be made with regard to the Loblolly and 
Short-leaf pines. They are, however, very variable in 
weight and grain, and there will occur numerous excep- 
tions to the rule. It is especially apparent that the wood 
derived from more southern localities is generally heavi- 
er and stronger than that grown further North. Hence 
great superiority of Louisiana and Texas Short-leaf Pine 
lumber. 

There are a number of small mills that saw Loblolly 
exclusively, and it makes very satisfactory framing ma- 
terial and interior finish that is to be painted. For ex- 
terior finish it is not as desirable as the other pines, but 
if kept well painted is very durable for all exposed 
work also. The growth being rapid the annual layers 
are thick and the heart wood is small. 

Superiority of Pine Trees. — Pines are the most im- 
portant timber trees of the world. They attain this pre- 
eminence from a combination of properties. They pos- 



sess such qualities of strengtti, elasticity, combined 
with comparatively light weight and ease of working as 
to fit them specially for use in construction which re- 
quires the largest amount of wood. They occur as for- 
ests in the temperate zones, often to the exclusion of 
other species, so that their exploitation is made easy 
and profitable. They are easily reproduced and are 
tolerably quick growers (especially Short-leaf and Lob- 
lolly varieties). They occupy the poorest soils, produc- 
ing valuable crops from the dry sands, and hence are of 
the greatest value from the standpoint of national econ- 
omy. 

Importance of Pine Forests of Louisiana can scarcely 
be properly estimated. The immense development of 
the large timberless prairies of the Western States, 
whose rapidly increasing population depends mainly 
upon the forests of the Gulf for the supply of the mate- 
rial required in building up their homes; the large de- 
mands made annually by Central and South American 
Republics, for building timber in their port cities; the 
acknowledged adaptability of these straight timbers of 
Long-leaf Pine in car and bridge building and the con- 
sequent demand of large quantities by the different rail- 
road companies of the West and South, all proclaim 
in distinct tones the present value of our lumber, and 
clearly foreshadow the probable enormous future wealth 
resident in these forests. 



Area of Timber. — Referring to the "forestry" map*= 
of Louisiana, the territories occupied by the different 
timbers can be easily traced. 

Eastern Louisiana. — Entering the State from the 
east, it is found that "The Long-leaf Pine" covers this 
section to the extent of 3,880 square miles. Beginning 
at Pearl river on the east, it extends westwardly almost 
on a line with the Amite river, where it is supplanted 
by the short-leaf pine, and oaks and hickories on the- 
uplands, and by the hardwoods of the Mississippi bot- 
toms. Slightly undulating flat woods cover fully one- 
fifth of this area and with a somewhat loamy porous 
soil, support a better timber growth than is generally 
found in the flat pine barrens of the plain. Owing to 
the proximity of this section to the Gulf coast and the 
numerous streams passing through it, this forest has 
been extensively invaded. Also along the lines of Illinois 
Central and New Orleans & Northeastern railroads, the- 
adjacent woods have been depleted, but elsewhere large 
areas exist untouched by the ax or the saw. 

The saw mills in this section find their market in New 
Orleans, and it is estimated that their total annual out- 
put is about 20,000.000 feet board measure. In this sec- 
tion a considerable quantity of naval stores is produced 
which also finds a market in New Orleans. 



*As a part of the exhibit in the Forestry Building will be found 
a topographical map of Louisiana, with the distribution of her- 
forest trees indicated in colors. 



West of the Mississippi. — The forests of "Tlie Long- 
leaf Pine" are geographically limited to the sands and 
gravels of the latest Tertiary and earliest Post-Tertiary 
formations. They make their appearance beyond the 
great alluvial plain, and are first seen in the uplands 
bordering the Ouachita river, which it follows for over 
fifty miles, and then extends west skirting Lake Cata- 
houla and the alluvial lands of the Red river. North 
of this river, these pine forests cover an area estimated 
at 1,625,000 acres, extending northward for a distance 
of nearly sixty miles. Toward their northern limit the 
forests pass gradually into a mixed growth of deciduous 
trees and short-leaf pine. In the center of this region 
the pine ridges alternate with tracts of white oak and 
hickory. Tending towards the Red river, the pure for- 
est of Long-leaf Pine, which covers the undulating up- 
lands, is unbroken, and has been, as yet, scarcely 
touched by the ax. 

On the low hills of this northern division of the pine 
belt of northwestern Louisiana the forests are some- 
what open and are composed of trees of the first order 
as regards their dimensions; the well drained, warm 
and deep soil of sandy loam being highly favorable to 
their development. This is shown in the six test logs 
obtained from this forest by the "Division of Forestry" 
at Washington. These trees had on an average height 
of 117 feet, with 171 rings on the stumps, a diameter at 
breast height of 22 inches, and giving a timber 44 feet 



in length and 19 inches in diameter. Upon one acre of 
this forest, there was found an average of 38 trees, of 
which fourteen were 24 inches in diameter, and giving 
a timber 45 feet in length; six were 19 inches in diam- 
eter and giving a timber 40 feet in length; nine were 
1 7 inches in diameter and of a timber length of 35 
feet, and nine of 13 inches in diameter and a timber 
length of 30 feet. 

Nowhere, in the opinion of experts, will an average 
acre fall below 6,000 feet board measure. 

As far back as 1892, the mills of this section shipped 
annually 56,000,000 feet to the markets. 

South of the Red river bottom the forests of Long-leat 
pine continue unbroken to the Sabine river and South 
to the treeless prairies of the coast. 

Roughly speaking, these forests cover an area of 
nearly 3,000,000 of acres. 

In the lower pine flats of this section the best mer- 
chantable timber has been removed by the mills at 
Lake Charles, but beyond on the lands rising gently 
above the flat woods will be found immense areas of 
Long-leaf pine of an exceedingly fine growth. The trees 
are tall and slender, and their timber unequalled by any 
in the Southern States. On these low ridges five trees 
were cut for test logs, and the average results given by 
the "Division of Forestry" are as follows: Height 118 
feet, rings on stumps 1S5, diameter breast high 21 inches, 
length of timber 43 feet, diameter IS inches. Upon one 



8 



average acre there were counted 44 trees, of which 
three gave timbers 50 feet long and 25 inches at butt; 
six 50 feet long and 28 inches at butt; nineteen 40 feet 
long and IS inches at butt, fourteen 3G feet long and 14 
inches at butt, or an average of over 15,000 feet board 
measure. 

On a selected acre, regarded as first-class, there were 
counted 72 trees, with an aggregate of 35,000 feet board 
measure. 

Lake Charles, Louisiana, and Orange, Texas, are the 
chief sites of the mills which consume the timber from 
this section. It is estimated that at least 500,000,000 
feet board measure of Long-leaf pine will be cut during 
the present year from the forests of Louisiana. 

Short-leaf Pine. — East of the Mississippi, occurs Short- 
leaf pine of rather a restricted area, not over 400 square 
miles, much of which has been cleared and is now under 
cultivation. This pine here, as elsewhere in the South, 
is intermixed with oaks and hickories. Again, much of 
it at present is second growth, the fields once cleared 
having been permitted to grow up with this tree. A few 
saw mills can still be found in this section, which covers 
the greater part of East Feliciana and parts of West 
Feliciana and East Baton Rouge. 

West of the Mississippi river, north of the region of 
Long-leaf pine, is found an immense area of Short-leaf 
pine in the fullest perfection. It is here that this tree 
finds its best development and forms pine forests, ex- 



tending over many hundreds of square miles with but 
little interruption. This forest extends north into Ark- 
ansas and west into Texas, and the United States census 
for 1880 estimates the amount of merchantable lumber 
of this tree, standing in these three States, at 87,000,- 
000,000 feet board measure. The area in Louisiana is 
a little over 8.000 square miles. The resources of pine 
timber in these mixed forests of oaks, hickories and 
Short-leaf pine, removed as they have been from the 
highways of traffic, have been but slightly drawn upon. 
But the number of railroads now penetrating this sec- 
tion from the North are bringing with them saw mills 
by the hundred and this section is now a theatre of 
lumber activities. No less than five railroads have al- 
ready entered this section of the State from the North 
and are gradually building southward. These forests, 
covering the undulating plains and table lands of this 
hill country, now rival in timber wealth and economic 
importance the great lumber regions of the coast. 

Second Growth Pines.— Throughout the Oak, Hickory 
and Pine Uplands of this section occur large fields of 
second growth pine which have sprung up in fields 
(once cultivated) abandoned since the civil war. These 
fields are in many instances covered with a dense forest 
of trees, 65 feet and over in height, with a diameter of 
10 to 18 inches, with no undergrowth whatever. Such 
forests, occurring with every stage of growth, afford 
; highly instructive lessons of nature's method of re-fop 



9 



F3 



esting our hillsides. When young, the saplings form a 
5ense thicket. In time they are thinned by the natural 
principle of "the survival of the fittest," the stronger 
trees killing the weaker by shade and an appropriation 
of the elements of growth. In time the stand becomes 
permanent, growth continues with an equal pace with 
each tree, until finally, at a period of fifty to one hun- 
dred years from birth, the pine has reached maturity 
and is ready for the sawyer's axe. Thus a rotation of 
Short-leaf pine, under favorable circumstances, may be 
leckoned at least every century, and of Loblolly every 
half century. These trees, therefore, can be relied upon 
for the re-forestation of large areas in a comparatively 
short time. The Short-leaf pine is sometimes bled for 
turpentine. 

THE LOBLOLLY PINE 
is perhaps the most active tree in taking possession of 
abandoned fields, and this faculty gives it a special 
economic significance in forestry studies. It is said that 
every fifty years will produce trees large enough for 
saw logs, three to each tree, averaging 16 feet in length. 
The best kind of the original timber from this tree Is 
called "Rosamary Pine," now rarely found on the mar- 
ket. The oldest and best matured trees of the second 
growth are called "Swamp" or "Slash" pine, while the 
young and inferior trees are called "Oldfield" pine. 

In Southwest Louisiana the Loblolly pine is found 
frequently scattered in the level woods bordering upon 



the grassy marshes of the coast; while in North Louisi- 
ana, between Lake Beaudeau and Bayou Dauchite, and 
extending to the Arkansas line, this species forms the 
principal tree covering. 

The original forest furnishes lumber with a fair pro- 
portion of heart-wood, free from blemish, and the equal 
of timber from Short-leaf, and sometimes even of the 
Long-leaf. 

The introduction of dry kilns, by which the excess 
of moisture is driven off, thus preventing the sap wood 
from turning "blue," has done much to adapt it to many 
purposes for which it was once rejected. The tree is 
not worked for turpentine. 

CUBAN PINE 

is not found in West Louisiana, having its western ex- 
tremity in the Pearl river valley of East Louisiana, 
where it extends, mixed with the Long-leaf pine, from 
the coast inland for a distance of 60 miles. 

POND PINE 

is not abundant in the State. It is found principally on 
the hills immediately adjacent to the flats and in the 
flats near the alluvial lands of the Red river and Oua- 
chita. It is cut and sent to the mills with the Long-leaf 
pine. 

THE JERSEY PINE 

is found only in the alluvial lands and the adjacent 



10 



hills. It is quite abundant along many of the narrow 
bottoms of small streams and branches, but seldom in- 
vades the broad expanse of alluvial deposits along the 
principal streams. It is not highly esteemed for lum- 
ber purposes even when clear, and is generally knotty. 

Uses of the Wood of Pines. 

In actual use the wood of all species is much alike. 

The coarse grained, heavy, resinous forms are es- 
pecially suited for timbers and dimension stuff, while 
the fine grained wood, whatever the species, is used for 
a great variety of purposes. Formerly these pines were 
cut or hewn into timbers, but since "dry kilns" have 
been almost universally adopted, and the simple oil 
13nish has supplanted paint, the Southern pine is cut 
into every form and grade of lumber. However, the 
Long-leaf and Cuban pines furnish the ideal lumber for 
bridges and supports to buildings, for which they are 
cut into sizes above 6x6 and over 20 feet long. These 
two pines also furnish large quantities of railway ties. 

In naval architecture, for masts and spars, thfe Long- 
leaf pine excels. Large quantities of long and heavy 
sticks of square timber, sawn or hewn, are shipped to 
British and Continental ports for uses above described, 
and the demand is constantly increasing. The fine 
grained and "curly' varieties of Long-leaf pine lumber 
are susceptible of a high polish and have recently en- 
tered the list of high priced woods for ornamental Inside 



work. Besides supplying all home demands for build- 
ing, for furniture, fuel, and railroad ties, the South ex- 
ports annually over 1,500,000,000 feet, board measure, of 
Long-leaf pine to domestic and foreign ports. 

Naval Stores. — The Long-leaf pine furnishes the bulk 
of the naval stores of the world. 

The resin exuding from trees specially incised and 
shaped to collect it, consists of a volatile oil (spirits of 
turpentine) and a solid resin (rosin) held in solution. 
The resin yielded by an orchard the first year Is usu- 
ally styled "Virgin Dip." It is almost colorless and con- 
tains the largest quantity of volatile oil. The second 
year the resin has a yellowish color, becoming each suc- 
ceeding year darker in color, more viscid and poorer in 
volatile oil. By distillation this resin is made to yield 

Spirits or Oil of Turpentine, 

which has numberless uses In the arts. There remains 
in the retort, in a liquid condition, at the end of the dis- 
tillation, the non-volatile part of the resin. This is 
drawn into barrels and permitted to cool, when it solidi- 
fies. It is put on the market and sold as 

"Rosin," 

which has varying colors (pale straw to dark brown) 
according to the nature of the crude turpentine; depend- 
ing upon the number of seasons the trees have been 
worked. The market value is regulated by the quality. 



11 



Pine Tar is made, as before remarked, by the de- 
structive distillation of fat pine, one cord of wood yield- 
ing forty to fifty gallons of tar. 

Common Pitch is obtained by boiling down tar until 
it has lost about one-third or more of its weight. It is 
also obtained as a residue in the dry distillation of resin 
for resin oil. 

Effect of Boxing or Bleeding. — Bleeding pine trees for 
their resin, which is practiced mainly upon the Long- 
leaf and Cuban species, has generally been regarded 
as injurious to timber. Many architects and railroad 
men, in their specifications, exclude "bled" timber. 

Special investigations, involving mechanical tests, 
physical and chemical analyses of the "bled" and "un- 
bled," have been made by the "Division of Forestry," 
and the results obtained show conclusively, 1st, that 
"bled" 'lumber is as strong as "unbled," if of the same 
weight; 2nd, that the weight and shrinkage of the wood 
is not affected by "bleeding"; 3d, that "bled" trees con- 
tain practically neither more nor less resin than "un- 
bled" trees, the loss of resin referring only to the sap 
wood, and therefore the durability is not affected by 
the bleeding process. 

However, it is patent to anyone going through a forest 
that has been tapped for turpentine and abandoned for 
a few years, that great losses have actually occurred. A 
considerable quantity of rosin continues to collect on 
the scarified surface, and during forest fires this rosin 



often catches on fire and results in burning the tree 
down, or burning it till it is broken off by succeeding 
heavy winds. In many instances, three or four sides 
of the trees are blazed and only a small strip of living 
bark left between the cut portions, and this strip is 
killed by the heat from the burning rosin near it, and 
the tree soon dies, and in succeeding fires is burned to 
the ground. In many instances where the land is leased, 
trees no more than six inches in diameter are tapped. 
These individuals never become very much older till 
they are destroyed by forest fires. The owner of the 
tree considers the pittance that he gets as rental and 
has little regard for the future of the forest. This is 
more especially true remote from the mills, where there 
is little or no market for the timber. 

Lightwood. — In late years a profitable industry has 
been inaugurated, which utilizes the resinous stumps of 
pine trees as kindling material. The stumps are cut off 
close or into the ground, split into long narrow strips, 
which are rolled into small bundles ready for shipment 
to the cities. 

Distilling Pine Knots. — The knots, limbs and roots of 
particularly "fat" pine are distilled, crudely to make tar, 
or carefully and with improved apparatus, Pyroligneous 
Acid, Acetone, Tar, etc. 

Charcoal Burning. — The small trees and limbs unfit 
for lumber are burned for charcoal. Each neighborhood 



12 



burns locally its own charcoal, and in proximity to large 
cities, the industry is carried on to a large extent, to 
supply on the one hand the blast furnaces for the manu- 
facture of charcoal iron, and on the other the demands 
of the city. Large quantities of charcoal manufactured 
in East Louisiana finds annually a market in New 
Orleans. 

Product From the Leaves. — The green leaves of the 
pine furnish by distillation an essential oil of balsamic 
odor closely resembling spirits of turpentine. "Pine- 
wool" is made from the cellular tissue of the leaves, 
treated with a strong alkaline solution at boiling heat, 
the remaining fibre being cleaned and carded. It is used 
in upholstery and is said to be a valuable antiseptic in 
dressing wounds. It is also manufactured into textile 
fabrics — e. g., a carpet resembling cocoa matting — but 
closely woven, very durable, and a rich brown color. 
This is quite a growing industry. 

Uses of Dry Pine Straw. — The dead leaves are raked 
from the forests and used for mulching the strawberiy 
orchards in the truck raising sections and for this pur- 
pose they cannot be excelled. It is also largely used for 
bedding in stables and for storing potatoes. 

CYPRESS. 

While cypress is not popularly considered as a pine, 
botanically it belongs to the pine family. Next to the 
pine lumber interests in Louisiana stands the cypress 



lumber industry. While vast areas have had all of the 
most easily accessible cypress cut, there are still exten- 
sive regions with an abundance of this most valuable 
timber unmolested. 

There are about 1,000,000 acres of cypress timber in 
Louisiana, situated in the alluvial lands and in the 
swamps of the uplands. This area contains about 10,- 
000,000,000 feet board measure of timber, which a score 
or more saw mills are converting into lumber at the rate 
of nearly 300,000,000 feet per annum. 

Two varieties are recognized by lumbermen, the wood 
of the red or black, heavier than water when green, 
rather harder and considered more durable than the 
others; the unseasoned wood of the white cypress, 
lighter than water, and rather lighter colored than red 
or black cypress 

The wood is soft but compact, straight grained, and 
easily worked. For making doors, sash, blinds and sim- 
ilar articles it stands without an equal. It is also the 
most desirable wood to be obtained for railroad tanks, 
cisterns, some kinds of cooperage, and is the most dur- 
able wood we have in abundance when in contact with 
the soil or exposed to the weather. It is extensively 
used for railroad ties, telegraph posts, bridging material, 
piling, fencing, for frame and finish on nice houses, and 
in all kinds of work requiring close joints and smooth 
finish without showing shrinkage from changes in the 
weather. 



13 



It makes the finest -shingles that are to be secured. 

Frequently the centre of the trees are affected with a 
fungus disease wliich results in the breaking away of 
portions of the tissue as if worms had been working 
through it. This is called "pecky cypress," and while 
it is disqualified for all uses where a good finish is re- 
quired, the wood is more durable than the clear timber, 
and is therefore very desirable for many purposes where 
it meets all requirements. 

COTTON WOOD, 
(Populus monilifera.) 

The wood is soft and light, compact, not very strong, 
does not split easily after drying. It is not very durable 
when exposed to the weather unless well painted. 

It is quite abundant throughout the alluvial lands, 
and is found to some extent in the hill lands not occu- 
pied with pine. The growth on the hill lands is but lit- 
tle used commercially. In the rich bottoms it often 
attains a diameter of three to four feet, and gives sev- 
eral saw cuts from each tree. There has been a wonder- 
ful development in the past few years in the utilization 
of Cottonwood lumber. Quite a number of large mills 
are sawing it almost exclusively. It is also extensively 
used by the veneering establishments for making all 
kinds of fruit and vegetable boxes, egg cases and so 
forth. It is also used in making boxes for vehicles, and 
some farm implements. It is beginning to be used ex- 
tensively for making boxes for shipping meat and gro- 



ceries. The logs are floated on the rivers and bayous 
like cypress and pine. Immense quantities of this lum- 
ber is shipped to Germany and other continental coun- 
tries of Europe, to be used for carriages. 

Hard Woods. 

The Hard Woods are found in the alluvial and Bluff 
lands on which they constitute the lumber growth, ex- 
clusive of cypress and cottonwood. They also occur 
interspersed with the pines, upon the better localities 
and creek bottoms of the "Good Uplands." Until recent- 
ly these woods were scarcely touched. Now they are 
being purchased in large areas, saw mills have been 
erected and the finished timber is finding its way to 
domestic and foreign markets. 

The following is a list of the more important hard 
woods of the State: 

SWEET GUM, RED GUM, 

(Liquidamber styraciflua.) 
The tree is quite plentiful in the Bluff lands and the 
higher portions of the alluvial bottoms, where it reaches 
a majestic growth, often attaining a diameter of four 
or five feet and a height of a hundred to a hundred and 
twenty-five feet. The wood is heavy, hard and difficult 
to split. It is close grained and takes a very good finish. 
It is used in the construction of houses, cabinet making, 
street paving, making wooden vessels, fruit boxes and so 
forth. The wood "buckles" badly when exposed to rain 



14 



and sunshine and is not desirable for exterior finisli. 
The logs are exported to a considerable extent and the 
sawed lumber to a small extent. For exportation the 
logs are hewn with axes to a uniform eight sided figure. 
Logs finishing less than thirty inches in diameter are 
apt to be rejected. 

Logs are sometimes found that present a very beauti- 
ful "calico" or clouded stain in the heart wood, and these 
logs command a high price in the market. They are 
shipped as "Satin Walnut" and are used abroad in cab- 
inet making. 

The amount of gum entering the market is rapidly in- 
creasing. There is opportunity for profitable enterprise 
in this line. The logs cannot be rafted unless attached 
to lighter woods to keep them from sinking. They are 
rafted with cypress and cottonwood. 

BLACK GUM, 

(Nyssa sylvatica.) 

The black gum' is much less abundant and less val- 
uable than the sweet gum. It is found sparingly almost 
everywhere the sweet gum is found, and it invades the 
hill lands considerably beyond the limits of the sweet 
gum. The heart wood is small. The thick white sap is 
difficult to split, quite hard and close grained, and is 
difficult to work. It is employed in making hubs for 
wheels, rollers, ox-yokes, wharf piles and so forth. 



TUPELO GUM, 
(Nyssa aquatica.) 

Grows only in very wet places, in the margins of 
ponds, bayous, and low places in overflowed lands. The 
trunk of the tree is generally very much swollen at the 
base. This portion of the wood is more or less spongy 
when green, light, difficult to split, very white but fairly 
close grained, when dried. These swollen butts are 
used in making bread trays, and kitchen utensils. They 
are very light, durable and clean looking as they become 
further bleached in use. The wood of the upper portion 
of the trunk is much harder and more compact and much 
heavier. The wood is also used in making wooden 
shoes, broom handles, and woodenware. It is being used 
to some extent for fruit and vegetable boxes, and should 
l)e used very much more extensively. Large quantities 
of the wood are obtainable, and it can hardly be excelled 
for strength and appearance and is comparatively light 
in weight. 

The green logs can be floated in water when the tree 
is cut near the ground, leaving a large portion of the 
expanded base of the tree as a part of the log. The up- 
per cuts will not float. 

OAKS. 

The White Oak, (Quercus alba), and Cow Oak, (Quer- 
cus Michauxii), are the most important oaks of the 
State. Timbermen seldom make a distinction between 



15 



them. The last named however is the most abundant, 
the largest and most valuable. The stave interests of 
Louisiana are very extensive. For many years staves 
have formed a part of the cargo of almost every depart- 
ing steamer from the waters of the upper portion of 
the State. Frequently large barges loaded exclusively 
with staves from upper Louisiana pass down the Missis- 
sippi to the New Orleans market, where a very large 
exporting trade has been built up mainly with Louisiana 
staves. All of the railroads through the northern part 
of the State find the shipping of staves an important 
source of their revenue. A number of factories turning 
out the finished products ready to be put together after 
shipment are now located in the midst of the best tim- 
ber centers, and are doing business to their full capac- 
ity. There is room for further development along this 
line in many sections. Millions of feet of good timber 
are annually being deadened and destroyed by the farm- 
ers clearing land because they are not in communication 
with a market for the timber. These woods are also 
used extensively for making all kinds of agricultural 
implements, and wheels, and for fuel and for fencing. 
The cow oak is used in making the best quality of farm 
baskets, especially cotton baskets. 

The smaller trees are used for railroad ties, bridge 
work, and sometimes in building houses. 

Post Oak, (Q. stellata), is found to some extent and is 
used for fuel and fence posts. Sometimes used for rail- 



road ties. There are two or three other species belong- 
ing to the white oaks found in the State but are not of 
commercial interest. 

Live Oak, (Q. virens), is chiefly valuable as an orna- 
mental tree, and the most beautiful specimens of great 
size are to be found in southeast and south Louisiana. 
They form a characteristic part of the most beautiful 
landscape scenes. Formerly the wood was used on ac- 
count of its exceeding hardness and strength and dura- 
bility, in the construction of water craft, but iron and 
steel have supplanted it for these purposes. 

Red Oak, (Q. Texana). This tree is confounded with 
the red oak proper of more northern latitude. It is su- 
perior in quality to the red oak. It is used for some 
classes of cooperage for which it is excellently suited. 
It makes a good lumber for cabinet making and interior 
finish, and for construction work. It exists in moderate 
abundance, and grows to be a very large tree, one of 
the largest of the forest. It works nicely when green, 
and is frequently free from knots for very long cuts. 

Black Oaks. — There are several species of black oaks 
that make good forest trees. The water oak and black 
oak proper are the most common. They make a good 
quality of lumber for construction purposes. The laurel 
oak is said to be the hardest of the oaks when well 
seasoned. Timbermen use the wood of this species to 
ma,ke wedges used in felling trees, and cutting logs. 



1« 



A well seasoned wedge of this wood can be driven 
into a soft tree like cypress a sufficient distance to hold 
one end of a scafEold on which the woodmen stand in 
cutting trees that have to be cut some distance from the 
ground. 

MAGNOLIA, 
(Magnolia grandiflora), 
is found principally on the Bluff lands of the State, but 
to some extent on the high ridges of the alluvial lands 
and in the bottoms of the hill lands. It grows to be a 
large tree, and is now being used to some extent in fur- 
niture making. The wood is soft when green but hard 
when dry. The sap is very thick and white, and shows 
a very nice finish if dried quickly after being sawed. 
It is believed the uses of this wood could be very much 
extended. 

BEECH. 

(Fagus Americana), 
ocurs in nearly all portions of the State except the allu- 
vial lands. On the Bluffff lands it grows to great per- 
fection. The wood is very hard and compact, and has a 
decided quarter grain. It is used in the manufacture 
of chairs, shoe lasts, tool handles and is frequently sub- 
stituted for sugar maple. Kitchen spoons, forks and 
many wooden articles of household use are made of 
beech wood. Planters use a board of beech wood for 
making slides on which to carry plows from field to field. 
It makes good fuel. There is no reason why it should 



not be used much more extensively for interior finish 
and for cabinet making. 

ASH, 

(Fraxinus Americana, and F. Quadrangulata.) 
Some ash is found in almost every portion of the State, 
but the growth reaches its finest development in the al- 
luvial and Bluff lands, where the first named species 
only is of importance. In many places ash is quite abun- 
dant. There are two factories in the State converting 
this wood into oars, supplying not only the retail trade 
of a large territory of the United States, but furnishing 
the Federal Government with oars for the navy. Some 
foreign governments have for years been receiving large 
shipments of oars for use in their navies, from Louis- 
iana. It is sawed to some extent for flooring, for which 
purpose it is admirably adapted. It is also used for fur- 
niture making, for interior finish, for handles of tools, 
Ijaseball bats, broom handles, carriage building and so 
forth. It is considered the best fuel wood grown in the 
forest. 

The last named species is less valuable, but often cut 
with the former when of suflicient size and good qual- 
ity. The water ash does not reach sufficient size to be 
of great importance. 

HICKORY. 

Several species of hickory are found in all parts of 
the State where hard woods grow. Hickoria alba. White 



Hickory is ttie most abundant and most valuable species. 
From this species are made nearly all high class handles 
and carriage materials put on the market from this 
State. 

A number of factories in the State are doing a prof- 
itable business. The scaly bark hickory is sometimes 
used for making handles of a cheaper grade. The heart 
wood of this tree is much thicker and the wood is more 
brittle and less elastic. This species grows also to large 
size, but is found only in low wet places. 

PECAN. 

(Hickoria Pecan.) 

This species of hickory is abundant in the alluvial 
lands, and its greatest value is in its fruit. It furnishes 
food for man, and an important source of food for hogs 
that are dependent upon nature's supply for their sus- 
tenance a good portion of the year. The wood makes 
good fuel, and is sometimes used as wagon making 
material. Many cheap handles are made of it. The 
class of axe handles retailing at ten cents are mostly 
made of pecan. 

Another species called the bitter pecan is a smaller 
tree and produces a fruit that is not relished by man or 
beast. The wood also is less valuable. 

YELLOW POPLAR. 

(Liriodendron tulipifera.) 
Poplar reaches its highest development on the Bluff 
lands and the ridges of the alluvial lands. Except where 



new railroads are invading new territory, most of the 
available poplar, in hauling distance of the railroads, 
has been cut. A very large amount has been shipped 
out of the State for exportation during the past four or 
five years. A few miles from the railroads, consider- 
able poplar is still to be found. The lumber is very val- 
uable for all kinds of purposes where a moderately soft, 
light wood will serve the purpose. It is one of the most 
durable woods we have, and is well suited for house build- 
ing, though now considered too expensive for that pur- 
pose as the market price is much above that of other 
lumber that is well suited for building. It is used in the 
manufacture of wooden pumps, shingles, boat building, 
furniture, interior finish, light parts of farm implements, 
wagons, carriages and so forth. 

SYCAMORE. 

(Platanus occidentalis.) 
The wood is very coarse grained with very large 
medullary planes giving it a very conspicuous quarter 
grain, and a handsome finish can be made of quarter 
sawed boards. It is used in furniture and interior fin- 
ish. It is largely used for making boxes in which plug 
tobacco is packed. Butchers blocks are made of it, and 
it is used extensively for clothes pins. 

PERSIMMON. 

(Diospyros Virginiana.) 
In wet localities this species attains the size of one 
to two feet in diameter, and from fifty to ninety feet 



18 



high. There is a considerable quantity of logs available 
measuring twelve to fifteen inches in diameter. During 
the past few years there has been developed a small 
trade in the exportation of this timber to foreign ports 
where it is used for making shuttles. 

The wood is very close grained and hard, taking a 
fine polish. 

MULBERRY, 

(Morus rubra.) 
The wood is extensively used for fence posts, and is 
considered as one of the most durable woods for this 
purpose that can be secured. It is seldom more than 
twelve to fourteen inches in diameter. 

CEDAR. 

(Juniperus Virginiana.) 
This tree is found in abundance only in a few local- 
ities. Near Pine Ridge, La., is quite an extensive cedar 
break, where some fine specimens of the wood are to 
be found. It is used for posts, telegraph poles, railroad 
ties, and similar uses, and for making cooperage and 
lead pencils. Also planted as an ornamental plant. 

WALNUT. 

(Juglans nigra.) 

The wood of the walnut tree, so valuable for furniture 

making, and for service where a durable wood in contact 

with soil or exposed to the weather is required, has been 

almost exterminated from the State as a commercial 



timber. The large trees that remain are left for shade 
or for the fruit. 

WILD CHERRY, 

(Prunus Caroliniana), 
is a little more plentiful than the walnut, but there is 
not sufficient good material in the State to make it 
worth while to undertake to use it commercially except 
in a very limited way in connection with other timbers. 

HOLLY, 

(Ilex opica.) 
While the tree does not ordinarily become very large, 
specimens eighteen to twenty-four inches in diameter 
are sometimes to be had, and a considerable quantity 
twelve to fifteen inches in diameter is available. The 
wood is very close grained, all white, there being no 
heart wood, and takes a very fine finish. The wood is 
adapted to a great variety of purposes. 

ELMS, 

The American Elm, (Ulmus Americana), is the most 
important elm in the State. The wood is hard, diiHcult 
to split, rather porous, and does not take a very good 
finish. It is used for wagon hubs, saddle trees, cooper- 
age such as cheap barrels, and for veneering for bask- 
ets and fruit boxes, trays, and so forth. 

The Slippery Elm, (Ulmus fulva), is used medicinally. 

The Winged Elm, (U. alata), is used as a shade tree, 
as is also the American elm. 



ly 



BASS-WOOD, 

(Tilia Americana.) 
The wood is light and close gi'ained. It is sawed Into 
lumber under the name of white wood, and is used in 
wooden ware, cheap furniture, panels, bodies of car- 
riages and for paper pulp. 

WILLOW. 

(Salix nigra.) 

The wood is light, soft, weak, close grained. The bark 

is used as a tonic in the treatment of fever. The wood 

has little value. The wood would probably be well used 

for making fruit boxes or similar articles. 

Young growth one to three inches in diameter is used 
for plaiting willow mats, used by engineers on the Mis- 
sissippi river Jetties and for stopping caving of banks 
at strategical points. 

IRON WOOD, 
(Ostrya Virginica.) 
The wood is heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close 
grained, durable in contact with soil. It is used for 
fence posts, tool handles, mallets and many small ar- 
ticles. The bark is rich in tannin and is used in home- 
opathic practice. 

HACKBERRY, 
(Celtis occidentalis), L. 
The wood is heavy, rather soft, not strong, and coarse 
grained. It is used fo^ fencing and for making cheap 
furniture. 



OSAGE ORANGE, 

(Toxylon pomifera). Ref. 
The wood is very heavy, hard and extremely durable 
in contact with soil. It is mostly cultivated. The wood 
is used for fence posts and for the manufacture of small 
articles. 

HAW, RED, 
(Cratoegus coccinea), and other species, L. 
Wood heavy, hard, close grained, compact. 
WILD PLUM, 
(Prunus Americana), Marshal. 
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close grained, com- 
pact, satiny, susceptible of beautiful polish. Used for 
handles of tools, etc. 

OSAGE ORANGE, BOIS D'ARC. 
(Madura aurantica), Nuttall. 
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, 
close grained, compact, very durable in contact with the 
ground, satiny, susceptible of beautiful polish. Color 
bright orange, turning brown on exposure. Sap wood 
yellow. Used largely for bedposts, paving blocks, rail- 
way ties, wheel stock. Planted largely for hedges. 
THORN-LOCUST. 
(Gleditchia triaconthos) L. 
The wood is hard, strong, coarse grained, durable in 
contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts and for 
rails, for hubs of wheels, and to some extent in con- 
struction. 



SO 



LOCUST. 

(Gleditchia monosperma.) 
Very similar to tlie above, except in size, as it seldom 
grows more than twelve inches in diameter. 

MAPLE. 
(Acer rubrum), L. 
The wood is close grained, easily worked, and not very 
strong. It is used in the manufacture of chairs and 
"wooden ware, and to some extent for furniture. 

BOX ELDER. 

(Acer negundo), L. 
The wood is light, soft, close giained, not very strong. 
Occasionally it is used for manufacturing cheap furni- 
ture, sometimes for interior finish in houses, for wooden 
ware, cooperage, and for paper pulp. Small quantities 
of maple sugar are sometimes made from this tree. 

PRICKLY ASH. 

(Xanthoxylum Clava Herculis), L. 
Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse grained, not dura- 
hie. Bark used in medicine. 

CATALPA. 

(Catalpa bignonoides.) 
Is found sparingly in the State. It makes very excel- 
lent posts, but is not large enough to be used for ties, or 
other purposes for which the larger growth of more 
northern latitudes is used. 



SASSAFRAS. 

(Sassafras officinalis.) 

Has very light, tough wood, very durable, does not 
work easily unless very dry. The bark of the roots is 
used medicinally and for making tea which is sometimes 
used at the family table. The wood is used for making 
paddles, where lightness and strength and durability are 
desired. Sassafras is considered the most desirable 
wood there is for making the small water craft called 
"dug-out." One can easily carry a vessel large enough 
to transport several hundred pounds when placed in the 
water. 

SPANISH MOSS. 

(Tillandsia usneoides), L. 

A so-called air plant found growing in all humid dis- 
tricts upon trees and hanging in festoons from the Live 
Oaks and other trees in the alluvial lands of this State, 
is of highest economic importance. 

It is gathered and subjected to a treatment by which 
the outer cuticle is removed and the cellular tissue left, 
is carded and baled for market. There are numerous 
moss factories in this State, both in the cities and par- 
ishes, and the output annually is enormous. It is black 
in color, and is used in upholstering, cushions, beds, pil- 
lows, mattresses, horse collars, etc. Samples are on ex- 
hibition at the Louisiana exhibit. 



21 



List of Woods on Exhibition in Louisiana Exhibit in the Forestry 

Building, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 

Arranged in Botanical Sequence : 



Common Name — Scientific Name. 

Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora. 

Magnolia Magnolia glanca 

Tulip Tree, Yellow Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera. 

Papaw, or Custard Apple Asimina triloba. 

Linden, or Bass-Wood Tilia Americana. 

China Tree Melia azederah. 

Tooth-ache Tree Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis. 

Hop-tree Ptelea trifoliata 

Sumac Rhus typhina. 

Sumac Rhus copalina. 

Grape Vitis rotundifolia. 

Supple Jacl< Berchemia volubilis. 

Buckthorn Rhamnus Carolinianus. 

Holly Ilex apaca. 

Holly Ilex decidua. 

Buck-eye Aesculus glabra. 

Maple, Red Acer rubrum. 

Box Elder Negundo aceroides. 

Honey Locust Gleditschia triacanthos. 

Cherry Prunus Pennsylvanica. 

Plum Prunus Americana. 

Hawthorn Crataegus spathulata. 



Common Name — Scientific Name. 

Hawthorn Crataegus apiifolia 

Witch Hazle Hamamelis Virginica. 

Sweet Gum Liquidamber styraciflua. 

Tare Blanket Aralia spinosa. 

Dog Wood Cornus florida. 

Black Gum Nyssa sylvatica. 

Tupelo Gum Nyssa uniflora. 

Button Bush Cephalanthus occldentalis. 

Farkleberry Vaccinium arboreum. 

Sour Wood, Sorrel Tree Oxydendrum arboreum. 

Storax Styrax grandiflora. 

Persimmon Diospyros Virginiana. 

Bumelia Bumelia lycioldes. 

Catalpa, Catawba Catalpa bignonioides. 

White Ash Fraxinus Americana. 

Blue Ash Fraxinus quadrangulata. 

Water Asii Fraxinus platycarpa. 

Sassafras Sassafras officinalis. 

Mulberry Morus rubra. 

Red Elm Ulmus Americana. 

Slippery Elm Ulmus fulva. 

Red-Bud Celtis occldentalis. 



22 



Common Name — Scientific Name. 

Sycamore Platanus occidentalis. 

Hickory (White Hickory) Carya alba. 

Pignut Hickory Carya glabra. 

Hickory Carya tomentosa. 

Pecan Carya olivaeformis. 

Bitter Pecan Carya amara. 

Scaly Bark Hickory Carya quatica. 

Walnut Juglans nigra. 

Willow Oak Quercus Phellos. 

Laurel Oak Quercus laurifolia. 

High Ground Willow Oak Quercus cinerea. 

Water Oak Quercus aquatica. 

Black Jack Oak Quercus nigra. 

Turkey Oak Quercus catesbaeli. 

Black Oak Quercus tinctoria. 

Spanish Oak Quercus falcata. 

Post Oak Quercus stellata. 

White Oak Quercus alba. 

Mossycup Oak Quercus macrocarpa. 

Overcup Oak Quercus lyrata. 



Common Name — Scientific Name. 

Cow Oak Quercus Michauxii. 

Peach Tree Oak Quercus (?) 

Beech Fagus ferruginea. 

Hornbeam Carpinus Americana. 

Hop Hornbeam Ostrya Virgiuica. 

Birch Betula nigra. 

Alder Alnus viridis. 

Willow Salix nigra. 

Cottonwood Populus monolifera. 

Cottonwood Populus helerophylla. 

Jersey Pine Pinus inops. 

Short-leaved Pine Pinus mitis. 

Pond Pine Pinus serotina. 

Loblolly Pine Pinus Taeda. 

Cuban Pine Pinus Cubensis. 

Long-leaved Pine Pinus Australis. 

Red Cedar Juniperus Virginiana. 

Cypress Taxodium distichum. 

Cypress Knees Taxodium distichum. 

Pal metto Sabal palmetto. 



2S( 



List of Articles in the Louisiana Exhibit of Forestry, showing some 

of the uses of Louisiana Woods: 



Baseball Bats, of ash and cottonwood. 
Baskets, of elm. 

Boxes, Fruit, etc., of poplar, gum, cottonwood. 
Bread Boards, of cottonwood. 
Bread Trays, of Tupelo gum, sweet gum. 
Butter-molds, of beech. 
Butter-plates, of elm. 
Butter-paddles, of beech. 
Charcoal, of pine, white oak. 
Clothes Pins, of beech. 

Cooperage, of cypress, cottonwood, poplar, white oak, 
cow oak, cedar. 



Faucets, of cedar, beech. 

Handles, Assorted, of hickory, white oak, cow oak. 

Laths and Shingles, of cypress. 

Oars, of ash. 

Paddles, of sassafras, cypress. 

Rims, or Felloes, of hickory, white oak, ash. 

Spokes, of hickory, white oak. 

Sliingles, of cypress. 

Shoe-lasts, of beech. 

Spoons and Kitchen Utensils, of beech. 

Horse Collars, and Bales, of Spanish moss. 



24 




HBRHRY OF CONGRESS 

PJilil. 



AMERICAN HBIKTIlfU CO.. LTD. 
NEW OBLEARB. 



